1.8 Upālittheraapadāna

“Nagare haṃsavatiyā,
sujāto nāma brāhmaṇo;
Asītikoṭinicayo,
pahūtadhanadhaññavā.

Ajjhāyako mantadharo,
tiṇṇaṃ vedāna pāragū;
Lakkhaṇe itihāse ca,
sadhamme pāramiṃ gato.

Paribbājā ekasikhā,
gotamā buddhasāvakā;
Carakā tāpasā ceva,
caranti mahiyā tadā.

Tepi maṃ parivārenti,
brāhmaṇo vissuto iti;
Bahujjano maṃ pūjeti,
nāhaṃ pūjemi kiñcanaṃ.

Pūjārahaṃ na passāmi,
mānatthaddho ahaṃ tadā;
Buddhoti vacanaṃ natthi,
tāva nuppajjate jino.

Accayena ahorattaṃ,
padumuttaranāmako;
Sabbaṃ tamaṃ vinodetvā,
loke uppajji cakkhumā.

Vitthārike bāhujaññe,
puthubhūte ca sāsane;
Upāgami tadā buddho,
nagaraṃ haṃsasavhayaṃ.

Pitu atthāya so buddho,
dhammaṃ desesi cakkhumā;
Tena kālena parisā,
samantā yojanaṃ tadā.

Sammato manujānaṃ so,
sunando nāma tāpaso;
Yāvatā buddhaparisā,
pupphehacchādayī tadā.

Catusaccaṃ pakāsente,
seṭṭhe ca pupphamaṇḍape;
Koṭisatasahassānaṃ,
dhammābhisamayo ahu.

Sattarattindivaṃ buddho,
vassetvā dhammavuṭṭhiyo;
Aṭṭhame divase patte,
sunandaṃ kittayī jino.

Devaloke manusse vā,
saṃsaranto ayaṃ bhave;
Sabbesaṃ pavaro hutvā,
bhavesu saṃsarissati.

Kappasatasahassamhi,
okkākakulasambhavo;
Gotamo nāma gottena,
satthā loke bhavissati.

Tassa dhammesu dāyādo,
oraso dhammanimmito;
Mantāṇiputto puṇṇoti,
hessati satthu sāvako.

Evaṃ kittayi sambuddho,
sunandaṃ tāpasaṃ tadā;
Hāsayanto janaṃ sabbaṃ,
dassayanto sakaṃ balaṃ.

Katañjalī namassanti,
sunandaṃ tāpasaṃ janā;
Buddhe kāraṃ karitvāna,
sodhesi gatimattano.

Tattha me ahu saṅkappo,
sutvāna munino vacaṃ;
Ahampi kāraṃ kassāmi,
yathā passāmi gotamaṃ.

Evāhaṃ cintayitvāna,
kiriyaṃ cintayiṃ mama;
Kyāhaṃ kammaṃ ācarāmi,
puññakkhette anuttare.

Ayañca pāṭhiko bhikkhu,
sabbapāṭhissa sāsane;
Vinaye agganikkhitto,
taṃ ṭhānaṃ patthaye ahaṃ.

Idaṃ me amitaṃ bhogaṃ,
akkhobhaṃ sāgarūpamaṃ;
Tena bhogena buddhassa,
ārāmaṃ māpaye ahaṃ.

Sobhanaṃ nāma ārāmaṃ,
nagarassa puratthato;
Kiṇitvā satasahassena,
saṃghārāmaṃ amāpayiṃ.

Kūṭāgāre ca pāsāde,
maṇḍape hammiye guhā;
Caṅkame sukate katvā,
saṃghārāmaṃ amāpayiṃ.

Jantāgharaṃ aggisālaṃ,
atho udakamāḷakaṃ;
Nhānagharaṃ māpayitvā,
bhikkhusaṃghassadāsahaṃ.

Āsandiyo pīṭhake ca,
paribhoge ca bhājane;
Ārāmikañca bhesajjaṃ,
sabbametaṃ adāsahaṃ.

Ārakkhaṃ paṭṭhapetvāna,
pākāraṃ kārayiṃ daḷhaṃ;
Mā naṃ koci viheṭhesi,
santacittāna tādinaṃ.

Satasahassenāvāsaṃ,
saṃghārāme amāpayiṃ;
Vepullaṃ taṃ māpayitvā,
sambuddhaṃ upanāmayiṃ.

Niṭṭhāpito mayārāmo,
sampaṭiccha tuvaṃ muni;
Niyyādessāmi taṃ vīra,
adhivāsehi cakkhuma.

Padumuttaro lokavidū,
āhutīnaṃ paṭiggaho;
Mama saṅkappamaññāya,
adhivāsesi nāyako.

Adhivāsanamaññāya,
sabbaññussa mahesino;
Bhojanaṃ paṭiyādetvā,
kālamārocayiṃ ahaṃ.

Ārocitamhi kālamhi,
padumuttaranāyako;
Khīṇāsavasahassehi,
ārāmaṃ me upāgami.

Nisinnaṃ kālamaññāya,
annapānena tappayiṃ;
Bhuttāviṃ kālamaññāya,
idaṃ vacanamabraviṃ.

Kīto satasahassena,
tattakeneva kārito;
Sobhano nāma ārāmo,
sampaṭiccha tuvaṃ muni.

Iminārāmadānena,
cetanāpaṇidhīhi ca;
Bhave nibbattamānohaṃ,
labhāmi mama patthitaṃ.

Paṭiggahetvā sambuddho,
saṃghārāmaṃ sumāpitaṃ;
Bhikkhusaṃghe nisīditvā,
idaṃ vacanamabravi.

Yo so buddhassa pādāsi,
saṃghārāmaṃ sumāpitaṃ;
Tamahaṃ kittayissāmi,
suṇātha mama bhāsato.

Hatthī assā rathā pattī,
senā ca caturaṅginī;
Parivāressantimaṃ niccaṃ,
saṃghārāmassidaṃ phalaṃ.

Saṭṭhi tūrasahassāni,
bheriyo samalaṅkatā;
Parivāressantimaṃ niccaṃ,
saṃghārāmassidaṃ phalaṃ.

Chaḷasītisahassāni,
nāriyo samalaṅkatā;
Vicittavatthābharaṇā,
āmuttamaṇikuṇḍalā.

Aḷārapamhā hasulā,
susaññā tanumajjhimā;
Parivāressantimaṃ niccaṃ,
saṃghārāmassidaṃ phalaṃ.

Tiṃsakappasahassāni,
devaloke ramissati;
Sahassakkhattuṃ devindo,
devarajjaṃ karissati.

Devarājena pattabbaṃ,
sabbaṃ paṭilabhissati;
Anūnabhogo hutvāna,
devarajjaṃ karissati.

Sahassakkhattuṃ cakkavattī,
rājā raṭṭhe bhavissati;
Pathabyā rajjaṃ vipulaṃ,
gaṇanāto asaṅkhiyaṃ.

Kappasatasahassamhi,
okkākakulasambhavo;
Gotamo nāma gottena,
satthā loke bhavissati.

Tassa dhammesu dāyādo,
oraso dhammanimmito;
Upāli nāma nāmena,
hessati satthu sāvako.

Vinaye pāramiṃ patvā,
ṭhānāṭhāne ca kovido;
Jinasāsanaṃ dhārento,
viharissatināsavo.

Sabbametaṃ abhiññāya,
gotamo sakyapuṅgavo;
Bhikkhusaṃghe nisīditvā,
etadagge ṭhapessati.

Aparimeyyupādāya,
patthemi tava sāsanaṃ;
So me attho anuppatto,
sabbasaṃyojanakkhayo.

Yathā sūlāvuto poso,
rājadaṇḍena tajjito;
Sūle sātaṃ avindanto,
parimuttiṃva icchati.

Tathevāhaṃ mahāvīra,
bhavadaṇḍena tajjito;
Kammasūlāvuto santo,
pipāsāvedanaṭṭito.

Bhave sātaṃ na vindāmi,
ḍayhanto tīhi aggibhi;
Parimuttiṃ gavesāmi,
yathāpi rājadaṇḍito.

Yathā visādo puriso,
visena paripīḷito;
Agadaṃ so gaveseyya,
visaghātāyupāyanaṃ.

Gavesamāno passeyya,
agadaṃ visaghātakaṃ;
Taṃ pivitvā sukhī assa,
visamhā parimuttiyā.

Tathevāhaṃ mahāvīra,
yathā visahato naro;
Sampīḷito avijjāya,
saddhammāgadamesahaṃ.

Dhammāgadaṃ gavesanto,
addakkhiṃ sakyasāsanaṃ;
Aggaṃ sabbosadhānaṃ taṃ,
sabbasallavinodanaṃ.

Dhammosadhaṃ pivitvāna,
visaṃ sabbaṃ samūhaniṃ;
Ajarāmaraṃ sītibhāvaṃ,
nibbānaṃ phassayiṃ ahaṃ.

Yathā bhūtaṭṭito poso,
bhūtaggāhena pīḷito;
Bhūtavejjaṃ gaveseyya,
bhūtasmā parimuttiyā.

Gavesamāno passeyya,
bhūtavijjāsu kovidaṃ;
Tassa so vihane bhūtaṃ,
samūlañca vināsaye.

Tathevāhaṃ mahāvīra,
tamaggāhena pīḷito;
Ñāṇālokaṃ gavesāmi,
tamato parimuttiyā.

Athaddasaṃ sakyamuniṃ,
kilesatamasodhanaṃ;
So me tamaṃ vinodesi,
bhūtavejjova bhūtakaṃ.

Saṃsārasotaṃ sañchindiṃ,
taṇhāsotaṃ nivārayiṃ;
Bhavaṃ ugghāṭayiṃ sabbaṃ,
bhūtavejjova mūlato.

Garuḷo yathā opatati,
pannagaṃ bhakkhamattano;
Samantā yojanasataṃ,
vikkhobheti mahāsaraṃ.

Pannagaṃ so gahetvāna,
adhosīsaṃ viheṭhayaṃ;
Ādāya so pakkamati,
yenakāmaṃ vihaṅgamo.

Tathevāhaṃ mahāvīra,
yathāpi garuḷo balī;
Asaṅkhataṃ gavesanto,
dose vikkhālayiṃ ahaṃ.

Diṭṭho ahaṃ dhammavaraṃ,
santipadamanuttaraṃ;
Ādāya viharāmetaṃ,
garuḷo pannagaṃ yathā.

Āsāvatī nāma latā,
jātā cittalatāvane;
Tassā vassasahassena,
ekaṃ nibbattate phalaṃ.

Taṃ devā payirupāsanti,
tāvadūraphale sati;
Devānaṃ sā piyā evaṃ,
āsāvatī latuttamā.

Satasahassupādāya,
tāhaṃ paricare muni;
Sāyaṃ pātaṃ namassāmi,
devā āsāvatiṃ yathā.

Avañjhā pāricariyā,
amoghā ca namassanā;
Dūrāgatampi maṃ santaṃ,
khaṇoyaṃ na virādhayi.

Paṭisandhiṃ na passāmi,
vicinanto bhave ahaṃ;
Nirūpadhi vippamutto,
upasanto carāmahaṃ.

Yathāpi padumaṃ nāma,
sūriyaraṃsena pupphati;
Tathevāhaṃ mahāvīra,
buddharaṃsena pupphito.

Yathā balākayonimhi,
na vijjati pumo sadā;
Meghesu gajjamānesu,
gabbhaṃ gaṇhanti tā sadā.

Cirampi gabbhaṃ dhārenti,
yāva megho na gajjati;
Bhārato parimuccanti,
yadā megho pavassati.

Padumuttarabuddhassa,
dhammameghena gajjato;
Saddena dhammameghassa,
dhammagabbhaṃ agaṇhahaṃ.

Satasahassupādāya,
puññagabbhaṃ dharemahaṃ;
Nappamuccāmi bhārato,
dhammamegho na gajjati.

Yadā tuvaṃ sakyamuni,
ramme kapilavatthave;
Gajjasi dhammameghena,
bhārato parimuccahaṃ.

Suññataṃ animittañca,
Tathāppaṇihitampi ca;
Caturo ca phale sabbe,
Dhammevaṃ vijanayiṃ ahaṃ.

Dutiyabhāṇavāraṃ.

Aparimeyyupādāya,
patthemi tava sāsanaṃ;
So me attho anuppatto,
santipadamanuttaraṃ.

Vinaye pāramiṃ patto,
yathāpi pāṭhiko isi;
Na me samasamo atthi,
dhāremi sāsanaṃ ahaṃ.

Vinaye khandhake cāpi,
tikacchede ca pañcame;
Ettha me vimati natthi,
akkhare byañjanepi vā.

Niggahe paṭikamme ca,
ṭhānāṭhāne ca kovido;
Osāraṇe vuṭṭhāpane,
sabbattha pāramiṃ gato.

Vinaye khandhake vāpi,
nikkhipitvā padaṃ ahaṃ;
Ubhato viniveṭhetvā,
rasato osareyyahaṃ.

Niruttiyā sukusalo,
atthānatthe ca kovido;
Anaññātaṃ mayā natthi,
ekaggo satthu sāsane.

Rūpadakkho ahaṃ ajja,
sakyaputtassa sāsane;
Kaṅkhaṃ sabbaṃ vinodemi,
chindāmi sabbasaṃsayaṃ.

Padaṃ anupadañcāpi,
akkharañcāpi byañjanaṃ;
Nidāne pariyosāne,
sabbattha kovido ahaṃ.

Yathāpi rājā balavā,
niggaṇhitvā parantape;
Vijinitvāna saṅgāmaṃ,
nagaraṃ tattha māpaye.

Pākāraṃ parikhañcāpi,
esikaṃ dvārakoṭṭhakaṃ;
Aṭṭālake ca vividhe,
kāraye nagare bahū.

Siṅghāṭakaṃ caccarañca,
suvibhattantarāpaṇaṃ;
Kārayeyya sabhaṃ tattha,
atthānatthavinicchayaṃ.

Nigghātatthaṃ amittānaṃ,
chiddāchiddañca jānituṃ;
Balakāyassa rakkhāya,
senāpaccaṃ ṭhapeti so.

Ārakkhatthāya bhaṇḍassa,
nidhānakusalaṃ naraṃ;
Mā me bhaṇḍaṃ vinassīti,
bhaṇḍarakkhaṃ ṭhapeti so.

Mamatto hoti yo rañño,
vuddhiṃ yassa ca icchati;
Tassādhikaraṇaṃ deti,
mittassa paṭipajjituṃ.

Uppātesu nimittesu,
lakkhaṇesu ca kovidaṃ;
Ajjhāyakaṃ mantadharaṃ,
porohicce ṭhapeti so.

Etehaṅgehi sampanno,
khattiyoti pavuccati;
Sadā rakkhanti rājānaṃ,
cakkavākova dukkhitaṃ.

Tatheva tvaṃ mahāvīra,
hatāmittova khattiyo;
Sadevakassa lokassa,
dhammarājāti vuccati.

Titthiye nihanitvāna,
mārañcāpi sasenakaṃ;
Tamandhakāraṃ vidhamitvā,
dhammanagaraṃ amāpayi.

Sīlaṃ pākārakaṃ tattha,
ñāṇaṃ te dvārakoṭṭhakaṃ;
Saddhā te esikā vīra,
dvārapālo ca saṃvaro.

Satipaṭṭhānamaṭṭālaṃ,
paññā te caccaraṃ mune;
Iddhipādañca siṅghāṭaṃ,
dhammavīthi sumāpitā.

Suttantaṃ abhidhammañca,
vinayañcāpi kevalaṃ;
Navaṅgaṃ buddhavacanaṃ,
esā dhammasabhā tava.

Suññataṃ animittañca,
vihārañcappaṇīhitaṃ;
Āneñjañca nirodho ca,
esā dhammakuṭī tava.

Paññāya aggo nikkhitto,
paṭibhāne ca kovido;
Sāriputtoti nāmena,
dhammasenāpatī tava.

Cutūpapātakusalo,
iddhiyā pāramiṃ gato;
Kolito nāma nāmena,
porohicco tavaṃ mune.

Porāṇakavaṃsadharo,
uggatejo durāsado;
Dhutavādīguṇenaggo,
akkhadasso tavaṃ mune.

Bahussuto dhammadharo,
Sabbapāṭhī ca sāsane;
Ānando nāma nāmena,
Dhammārakkho tavaṃ mune.

Ete sabbe atikkamma,
pamesi bhagavā mamaṃ;
Vinicchayaṃ me pādāsi,
vinaye viññudesitaṃ.

Yo koci vinaye pañhaṃ,
pucchati buddhasāvako;
Tattha me cintanā natthi,
taññevatthaṃ kathemahaṃ.

Yāvatā buddhakhettamhi,
ṭhapetvā taṃ mahāmuni;
Vinaye mādiso natthi,
kuto bhiyyo bhavissati.

Bhikkhusaṃghe nisīditvā,
evaṃ gajjati gotamo;
Upālissa samo natthi,
vinaye khandhakesu ca.

Yāvatā buddhabhaṇitaṃ,
navaṅgaṃ satthusāsanaṃ;
Vinayogadhaṃ taṃ sabbaṃ,
vinayamūlapassino.

Mama kammaṃ saritvāna,
gotamo sakyapuṅgavo;
Bhikkhusaṃghe nisīditvā,
etadagge ṭhapesi maṃ.

Satasahassupādāya,
imaṃ ṭhānaṃ apatthayiṃ;
So me attho anuppatto,
vinaye pāramiṃ gato.

Sakyānaṃ nandijanano,
kappako āsahaṃ pure;
Vijahitvāna taṃ jātiṃ,
putto jāto mahesino.

Ito dutiyake kappe,
Añjaso nāma khattiyo;
Anantatejo amitayaso,
Bhūmipālo mahaddhano.

Tassa rañño ahaṃ putto,
candano nāma khattiyo;
Jātimadenupatthaddho,
yasabhogamadena ca.

Nāgasatasahassāni,
sabbālaṅkārabhūsitā;
Tidhāpabhinnā mātaṅgā,
parivārenti maṃ sadā.

Sabalehi paretohaṃ,
uyyānaṃ gantukāmako;
Āruyha sirikaṃ nāgaṃ,
nagarā nikkhamiṃ tadā.

Caraṇena ca sampanno,
guttadvāro susaṃvuto;
Devalo nāma sambuddho,
āgacchi purato mama.

Pesetvā sirikaṃ nāgaṃ,
buddhaṃ āsādayiṃ tadā;
Tato sañjātakopo so,
nāgo nuddharate padaṃ.

Nāgaṃ duṭṭhamanaṃ disvā,
buddhe kodhaṃ akāsahaṃ;
Vihesayitvā sambuddhaṃ,
uyyānaṃ agamāsahaṃ.

Sātaṃ tattha na vindāmi,
siro pajjalito yathā;
Pariḷāhena ḍayhāmi,
macchova baḷisādako.

Sasāgarantā pathavī,
ādittā viya hoti me;
Pitu santikupāgamma,
idaṃ vacanamabraviṃ.

Āsīvisaṃva kupitaṃ,
aggikkhandhaṃva āgataṃ;
Mattaṃva kuñjaraṃ dantiṃ,
yaṃ sayambhumasādayiṃ.

Āsādito mayā buddho,
ghoro uggatapo jino;
Purā sabbe vinassāma,
khamāpessāma taṃ muniṃ.

No ce taṃ nijjhāpessāma,
attadantaṃ samāhitaṃ;
Orena sattadivasā,
raṭṭhaṃ me vidhamissati.

Sumekhalo kosiyo ca,
siggavo cāpi sattako;
Āsādayitvā isayo,
duggatā te saraṭṭhakā.

Yadā kuppanti isayo,
saññatā brahmacārino;
Sadevakaṃ vināsenti,
sasāgaraṃ sapabbataṃ.

Tiyojanasahassamhi,
purise sannipātayiṃ;
Accayaṃ desanatthāya,
sayambhuṃ upasaṅkamiṃ.

Allavatthā allasirā,
sabbeva pañjalīkatā;
Buddhassa pāde nipatitvā,
idaṃ vacanamabravuṃ.

Khamassu tvaṃ mahāvīra,
abhiyācati taṃ jano;
Pariḷāhaṃ vinodehi,
mā no raṭṭhaṃ vināsaya.

Sadevamānusā sabbe,
sadānavā sarakkhasā;
Ayomayena kūṭena,
siraṃ bhindeyyu me sadā.

Dake aggi na saṇṭhāti,
bījaṃ sele na rūhati;
Agade kimi na saṇṭhāti,
kopo buddhe na jāyati.

Yathā ca bhūmi acalā,
appameyyo ca sāgaro;
Anantako ca ākāso,
evaṃ buddhā akhobhiyā.

Sadā khantā mahāvīrā,
khamitā ca tapassino;
Khantānaṃ khamitānañca,
gamanaṃ taṃ na vijjati.

Idaṃ vatvāna sambuddho,
pariḷāhaṃ vinodayaṃ;
Mahājanassa purato,
nabhaṃ abbhuggami tadā.

Tena kammenahaṃ vīra,
hīnattaṃ ajjhupāgato;
Samatikkamma taṃ jātiṃ,
pāvisiṃ abhayaṃ puraṃ.

Tadāpi maṃ mahāvīra,
ḍayhamānaṃ susaṇṭhitaṃ;
Pariḷāhaṃ vinodesi,
sayambhuñca khamāpayiṃ.

Ajjāpi maṃ mahāvīra,
ḍayhamānaṃ tihaggibhi;
Nibbāpesi tayo aggī,
sītibhāvañca pāpayī.

Yesaṃ sotāvadhānatthi,
suṇātha mama bhāsato;
Atthaṃ tumhaṃ pavakkhāmi,
yathā diṭṭhaṃ padaṃ mama.

Sayambhuṃ taṃ vimānetvā,
santacittaṃ samāhitaṃ;
Tena kammenahaṃ ajja,
jātomhi nīcayoniyaṃ.

Mā vo khaṇaṃ virādhetha,
khaṇātītā hi socare;
Sadatthe vāyameyyātha,
khaṇo vo paṭipādito.

Ekaccānañca vamanaṃ,
ekaccānaṃ virecanaṃ;
Visaṃ halāhalaṃ eke,
ekaccānañca osadhaṃ.

Vamanaṃ paṭipannānaṃ,
phalaṭṭhānaṃ virecanaṃ;
Osadhaṃ phalalābhīnaṃ,
puññakkhettaṃ gavesinaṃ.

Sāsanena viruddhānaṃ,
visaṃ halāhalaṃ yathā;
Āsīviso diṭṭhaviso,
evaṃ jhāpeti taṃ naraṃ.

Sakiṃ pītaṃ halāhalaṃ,
uparundhati jīvitaṃ;
Sāsanena virujjhitvā,
kappakoṭimhi ḍayhati.

Khantiyā avihiṃsāya,
mettacittavatāya ca;
Sadevakaṃ so tāreti,
tasmā vo avirodhiyā.

Lābhālābhe na sajjanti,
sammānanavimānane;
Pathavīsadisā buddhā,
tasmā te na virodhiyā.

Devadatte ca vadhake,
core aṅgulimālake;
Rāhule dhanapāle ca,
sabbesaṃ samako muni.

Etesaṃ paṭigho natthi,
rāgomesaṃ na vijjati;
Sabbesaṃ samako buddho,
vadhakassorasassa ca.

Panthe disvāna kāsāvaṃ,
chaḍḍitaṃ mīḷhamakkhitaṃ;
Sirasmiṃ añjaliṃ katvā,
vanditabbaṃ isiddhajaṃ.

Abbhatītā ca ye buddhā,
vattamānā anāgatā;
Dhajenānena sujjhanti,
tasmā ete namassiyā.

Satthukappaṃ suvinayaṃ,
dhāremi hadayenahaṃ;
Namassamāno vinayaṃ,
viharissāmi sabbadā.

Vinayo āsayo mayhaṃ,
vinayo ṭhānacaṅkamaṃ;
Kappemi vinaye vāsaṃ,
vinayo mama gocaro.

Vinaye pāramippatto,
samathe cāpi kovido;
Upāli taṃ mahāvīra,
pāde vandati satthuno.

So ahaṃ vicarissāmi,
gāmā gāmaṃ purā puraṃ;
Namassamāno sambuddhaṃ,
dhammassa ca sudhammataṃ.

Kilesā jhāpitā mayhaṃ,
bhavā sabbe samūhatā;
Sabbāsavā parikkhīṇā,
natthi dāni punabbhavo.

Svāgataṃ vata me āsi,
buddhaseṭṭhassa santike;
Tisso vijjā anuppattā,
kataṃ buddhassa sāsanaṃ.

Paṭisambhidā catasso,
vimokkhāpi ca aṭṭhime;
Chaḷabhiññā sacchikatā,
kataṃ buddhassa sāsanaṃ”.

Itthaṃ sudaṃ āyasmā upāli thero imā gāthāyo abhāsitthāti.

Upālittherassāpadānaṃ chaṭṭhaṃ.