Environment
6-4环境
⿻ may be even more core to addressing the most pressing environmental problems we face, from climate change to biodiversity loss, than even "green technologies" like clean energy are, because it provides a basis both for cooperation on developing those technologies and for establishing positive communication with natural features that represents their interests in social decisions. As such, ⿻ may be central to the survival of the earth as a human-supporting habitat.
跨越差异的合作或许比清洁能源等“绿色技术”更能解决我们面临的最紧迫的环境问题，从气候变化到生物多样性丧失，因为它为合作开发这些技术以及与自然特征建立积极沟通，代表它们在社会决策中的利益提供了基础。因此，跨越差异的合作可能是地球作为人类生存栖息地生存的关键。
What does "Collaboration Across Difference" have to do with the environment? Local legends, stories, traditional religions, and many contemporary religions, spanning the length of human history, emphasize nature as a target of respect and a participant in cooperation with just as much as other humans are.
“跨越差异的合作”与环境有什么关系？从人类历史的长河中，地方传说、故事、传统宗教和许多当代宗教都强调自然应受到尊重，并且与人类一样，是合作的参与者。
This chapter explores how ⿻ can transform our technological relationship with nature. In the past, technology has often been conceived of as a means to master nature, just as sometimes technology has previously been seen as a means to master fellow humans. Instead, we explore how ⿻ can facilitate communication, cooperation and synergy with nature, empowered by data. Whether we see these ecosystems as alive and sentient in their own right, or as indispensable life-support systems for human societies, these approaches will enable us to co-exist with nature more sustainably.
本章探讨跨越差异的合作如何改变我们与自然的科技关系。过去，科技往往被认为是驾驭自然的手段，就像有时科技曾被视为驾驭人类同胞的手段一样。相反，我们将探讨跨越差异的合作如何利用数据促进与自然的沟通、合作和协同作用。无论我们是否认为这些生态系统本身是活的、有感知的，或者它们是人类社会不可或缺的生命支持系统，这些方法都将使我们能够更可持续地与自然共存。
Human activities — particularly our reliance on non-renewable energy sources — have profoundly altered the Earth since the 1950s. Deforestation, global warming, ocean acidification, and mass extinctions have all escalated as the climate changes. At the beginning of the 21st century, Nobel laureate Paul Jozef Crutzen proposed the term "Anthropocene" to recognize this new epoch driven primarily by human influence.[^anthro] Biodiversity has plummeted; between 2001 and 2014 alone, approximately 173 species vanished—25 times the historical extinction rate. During the 20th century, some 543 vertebrate species disappeared, an event that would typically unfold over 10,000 years.[^extinction]
自20世纪50年代以来，人类活动——特别是我们对不可再生能源的依赖——深刻地改变了地球。随着气候变化，森林砍伐、全球变暖、海洋酸化和物种大规模灭绝都在加剧。21世纪初，诺贝尔奖获得者保罗·约瑟夫·克鲁岑提出了“人类世”一词，以承认这个主要由人类影响驱动的新的纪元。[^anthro] 生物多样性急剧下降；仅在2001年至2014年期间，大约有173个物种消失——是历史灭绝速度的25倍。在20世纪，大约有543种脊椎动物消失，而这一事件通常会在10000年内发生。[^extinction]
[^anthro]: Will Steffan, Paul J. Crutzen and John R. McNeill, "The Anthropocene: Are Humans Now Overwhelming the Great Forces of Nature?" in Ross E. Dunn, Laura J. Mitchell and Kerry Ward, eds., The New World History (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2016). Note that this proposal was recently rejected by the International Union of Geological Sciences.
[^anthro]: Will Steffan，Paul J. Crutzen和John R. McNeill，《人类世：人类现在是否正在压倒自然界强大的力量？》，载于Ross E. Dunn，Laura J. Mitchell和Kerry Ward主编，《新世界史》（加利福尼亚州伯克利：加利福尼亚大学出版社，2016年）。需要注意的是，这项提议最近被国际地质科学联合会否决了。
[^extinction]: Gerardo Ceballos, Paul R. Ehrlich, and Peter H. Raven, "Vertebrates on the Brink as Indicators of Biological Annihilation and the Sixth Mass Extinction", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 24: 13596-13602.
[^extinction]: Gerardo Ceballos，Paul R. Ehrlich和Peter H. Raven，《濒危脊椎动物作为生物灭绝和第六次物种大灭绝的指标》，《美国国家科学院院刊》117卷，第24期：13596-13602。
Of course, we humans are not immune to the effects. Air pollution alone kills nearly 6.7 million people every year, including half a million infants. In severely polluted countries, average life expectancy falls by up to six years.[^WHO]
当然，我们人类也不会免受其影响。仅空气污染每年就导致近670万人死亡，其中包括50万婴儿。在污染严重的国家，平均预期寿命最多会下降六年。[^WHO]
[^WHO]: World Health Organization, "Air Pollution Resource Guide" at https://www.who.int/health-topics/air-pollution#tab=tab_1.
[^WHO]: 世界卫生组织，“空气污染资源指南”，https://www.who.int/health-topics/air-pollution#tab=tab_1。
Climate, air quality, and water data, which often rely on government agencies for input and maintenance, are resources that benefit each other internationally. Environmental awareness has become a distinctive feature of the implementation of the UN's Sustainable Development Goals, driven by open data organizations and environmental groups. The civic technology movement has opened up a new space for digital social engagement; not simply providing tools, but also actively supporting civil society to work with the government to create more environmental knowledge, which can then be developed into a public movement that coordinates the interests of multiple parties.
气候、空气质量和水数据通常依赖政府机构的投入和维护，这些资源在国际上相互受益。在开放数据组织和环保团体的推动下，环境意识已成为联合国可持续发展目标实施的显著特征。公民技术运动为数字社会参与开辟了新的空间；它不仅提供工具，而且积极支持民间社会与政府合作，创造更多环境知识，然后可以将其发展成为协调多方利益的公共运动。
In Taiwan, the Location Aware Sensor System (LASS), an open-source environment sensing network, empowers ordinary citizens to gather and share information freely, developing into a model of digital communication that incorporates local wisdom through citizen science. Instead of relying on authoritative organizations to shape public perceptions, LASS embraces direct action, extending community values into environmental care.
在台湾，位置感知传感器系统（LASS），一个开源环境传感网络，使普通公民能够自由地收集和共享信息，发展成为一种通过公民科学融合当地智慧的数字沟通模式。LASS 并不依赖权威组织来塑造公众的看法，而是拥抱直接行动，将社区价值观扩展到环境保护中。
This type of citizen science community, which covers air, forest, and river sensing, is based on the spirit of open-source rainmaking, and also contributes to the "Civil IoT" data coalition, which provides real-time sensing information updated every 3-5 minutes across the country, serving as a common ground for activists, and making it easier for ideas to solve problems to be examined and disseminated.
这种涵盖空气、森林和河流传感的公民科学社区，基于开源造雨的精神，也为“民用物联网”数据联盟做出了贡献，该联盟提供覆盖全国、每3-5分钟更新一次的实时传感信息，作为活动家们的共同点，使解决问题的想法更容易被审查和传播。
Data coalitions are interconnected with social movement-based civic technologies; a series of hackathon-themed fields have begun around the globe that will serve as mutually supportive gateways for mobility, acting as a technological conduit between natural environments and volunteers, and facilitating collective action on a global scale. It can be argued that the nature of collaborative networks is not just about information gathering and value re-engineering, but also about the foundation of community knowledge systems and the promotion of environmental justice.
数据联盟与基于社会运动的公民技术相互关联；全球已经开始了一系列以黑客马拉松为主题的领域，这些领域将作为相互支持的移动性门户，充当自然环境和志愿者之间的技术桥梁，并促进全球范围内的集体行动。可以说，协作网络的本质不仅在于信息收集和价值重塑，还在于社区知识系统的基础和环境正义的促进。
Before conservationism was a widespread concept, conservative thinkers like Edmund Burke saw community groups as 'little platoons' – social hubs situated between individuals and the state.[^Burke] Effective communication and cultivation are particularly important given that environmental problems often hit the most vulnerable first and hardest, such as low-income families or indigenous communities. The key is to ensure, through law and policy, that community members have an equal participation and voice in the development, resource allocation and implementation process, and that they are transformed from research subjects to data-driven actors.
在环保主义成为普遍概念之前，像埃德蒙·伯克这样的保守思想家将社区群体视为“小型排”——位于个人和国家之间的社会中心。[^Burke]有效的沟通和培育尤为重要，因为环境问题往往首先且最严重地打击最脆弱的群体，例如低收入家庭或土著社区。关键是要通过法律和政策确保社区成员平等参与和表达意见，参与发展、资源分配和实施过程，并将他们从研究对象转变为数据驱动的行动者。
[^Burke]: Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France and on the Proceedings in Certain Societies in London Relative to that Event (London: James Dodley, 1790).
[^Burke]: Edmund Burke，《法国革命沉思录及伦敦某些社团关于该事件的诉讼》（伦敦：James Dodley，1790年）。
Recent years have seen a growing movement to grant waterways 'natural legal personhood'. These waterways, with inherent rights and appointed guardians, include the Magpie River (Muteshekau Shipu) in Canada, the Whanganui in New Zealand, and the Ganga and Yamuna rivers in India.[^rivers] This signifies a shared commitment to preserving these ecosystems for future generations.
近年来，赋予水道“自然法人资格”的运动日益兴起。这些水道拥有固有的权利和指定的守护者，包括加拿大的喜鹊河（Muteshekau Shipu）、新西兰的旺加努伊河以及印度的恒河和亚穆纳河。[^rivers] 这标志着对子孙后代保护这些生态系统的共同承诺。
[^rivers]: Mihnea Tanasescu, "When a River is a Person: From Ecuador to New Zealand, Nature Gets its Day in Court", Open Rivers 8, Fall 2017 at https://openrivers.lib.umn.edu/article/when-a-river-is-a-person-from-ecuador-to-new-zealand-nature-gets-its-day-in-court.
[^rivers]: Mihnea Tanasescu，《当一条河流是一个人：从厄瓜多尔到新西兰，大自然在法庭上拥有发言权》，《开放河流》8期，2017年秋季，https://openrivers.lib.umn.edu/article/when-a-river-is-a-person-from-ecuador-to-new-zealand-nature-gets-its-day-in-court。
Shared data can be transformed by data coalitions using generative foundation models (GFMs) into means of conversation with nature. These can serve as valuable tools for knowledge sharing and collective problem-solving regarding complex, cross-border problems. In promoting environmental sustainability, GFMs demonstrate a new model of co-existence between technology and humanity. As environmental data flows through verifiable relationships, it generates value (e.g., air and water quality monitoring), sending pulses of images, sounds, and messages to engage people, offering real-time feedback to ideas, and encouraging more nature-conscious partners to join the effort.
数据联盟可以使用生成式基础模型 (GFM) 将共享数据转化为与自然对话的方式。这些可以作为宝贵的工具，用于知识共享和集体解决复杂的跨境问题。在促进环境可持续性方面，GFM 展示了技术与人类共存的新模式。随着环境数据通过可验证的关系流动，它会产生价值（例如，空气和水质监测），发送图像、声音和信息的脉冲来吸引人们，为想法提供实时反馈，并鼓励更多具有自然意识的合作伙伴加入努力。
It is important to emphasize that such advances can promote a mutually beneficial cocreation relationship, allowing all parties to work more closely together with the common goal of protecting the planet. Particularly in addressing transjurisdictional environmental issues, they offer unprecedented opportunities to analyze and address complex challenges such as global climate change, biodiversity loss and water management. By engaging in direct dialogues with nature, we are able to better understand environmental change and develop effective strategies and solutions based on it.
必须强调的是，这些进步可以促进互利的共同创造关系，使所有参与方能够更紧密地合作，以保护地球为共同目标。特别是在解决跨辖区环境问题时，它们为分析和应对全球气候变化、生物多样性丧失和水资源管理等复杂挑战提供了前所未有的机会。通过与自然的直接对话，我们能够更好地了解环境变化，并在此基础上制定有效战略和解决方案。
Fluidity defines our natural world; oceans, rivers, and the atmosphere flow without regard for borders. Environmental solutions must transcend rigid hierarchical approaches that work within single towns, cities, or even countries. In response, we can draw from civic hacking culture, which celebrates cross-disciplinary teamwork among programmers, designers, and citizens across diverse communities.
流动性定义着我们的自然世界；海洋、河流和大气的流动不考虑边界。环境解决方案必须超越在单个城镇、城市甚至国家/地区内运作的僵化的等级制度方法。作为回应，我们可以借鉴公民黑客文化，这种文化庆祝程序员、设计师和来自不同社区的公民之间的跨学科团队合作。
Building GFMs models for natural environments involves challenges: open-source governance, capital and compute investments, and collaboration are key. Through GFMs, we can unlock deeper insights into our complex natural world. Scientific research and environmental management benefit from these insights, improving both and potentially reshaping society, as we have seen in the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration's ongoing collaboration with IBM on a Geospatial Foundation Model based on NASA's earth observation data, tackling crucial notions of environmental justice for natural spaces and human communities alike.[^NASA]
为自然环境构建 GFM 模型涉及挑战：开源治理、资金和计算投资以及合作是关键。通过 GFM，我们可以更深入地了解我们复杂的自然世界。科学研究和环境管理受益于这些见解，从而改进两者并可能重塑社会，正如我们在美国国家航空航天局与 IBM 就基于 NASA 地球观测数据的地理空间基础模型进行的持续合作中看到的那样，该模型解决了自然空间和人类社区的环境正义的关键概念。[^NASA]
[^NASA]: Josh Blumenfeld, "NASA and IBM Openly Release Geospatial AI Foundation Model for NASA Earth Observation Data", NASA Earth Data August 3, 2023 at https://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/news/impact-ibm-hls-foundation-model.
[^NASA]: Josh Blumenfeld，《NASA 和 IBM 公开发布用于 NASA 地球观测数据的地理空间 AI 基础模型》，NASA 地球数据，2023 年 8 月 3 日，https://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/news/impact-ibm-hls-foundation-model。
Just as biometrics and sociometrics help establish identity, we need better ways to establish and protect the identity of natural ecosystems like rivers. A new conceptualization of identity is in order – one that factors in the connections between individual people and the ecosystems they rely on. ⿻ publics, as explored earlier in this book, also establish and protect the identity of collective entities, often devoted to cultural and care relationships. Some of these relate to natural ecosystems and can offer a foundation for conceptualizing the identity of such an ecosystem.
正如生物识别技术和社会识别技术有助于建立身份一样，我们需要更好的方法来建立和保护河流等自然生态系统的身份。需要对身份进行新的概念化——一种将个人与他们赖以生存的生态系统之间的联系考虑在内的概念。如本书前面所述，跨越差异的公众也建立和保护集体实体的身份，这些实体通常致力于文化和关怀关系。其中一些与自然生态系统有关，可以为概念化此类生态系统的身份提供基础。
Notably, this perspective transcends the often contentious debate around whether GFM systems can become legal agents; data coalitions can be viewed both as “little platoons” created by the people who benefit from the ecosystem, but also at the same time, through the legal positioning of natural personhood, the river’s digital twin can be seen as a subject with rights and responsibilities. Similarly, a GFM created for whatever purpose of, by and for a community can exist both as a "person" and as a shared ⿻ good, depending on the perspective one adopts.
值得注意的是，这种观点超越了关于GFM系统能否成为法律代理人的经常性争议；数据联盟既可以被视为由受益于该生态系统的人们创建的“小型集体”，也可以通过自然人身份的法律定位，将河流的数字孪生体视为拥有权利和责任的主体。类似地，为社区的某种目的而创建的GFM，既可以作为“人”，也可以作为共享的公共物品存在，这取决于所采用的视角。